Sunday, November 20, 2011
DRG
A DRG or Digital raster graphic, is developed by scanning a paper map onto a computer. These are useful for storing into archives for other to locate online. I know personally I use maps similar to this when I conduct land navigation. Everything from contour lines to roads and buildings are shown
DEM
A DEM is a digitally constructed surface, giving life to hills, valleys, mountains and all the other features on earth. Created from terrain elevation data, we are able to construct 3-D images of the Sahara desert, which is shown above.
DOQQ
DOQQ images are pixel based. Each pixel is formed together and processed into creating a single larger picture such as what is shown above. The DOQQ imagery was consolidated and formulated into this aerial map view.
Continuously variable proportional circle map
Continuously variable proportional circle maps show various amounts of variables and how they pertain to the proportionality of other areas. A bigger circle represents a bigger population, but within that circle multiple variables are being represented. Its basically data within data, as shown above.
Range graded proportional circle map
Range graded proportional circle maps show values of variables based on a region. The size of the circle is proportional to the data that is being represented. The map I have, for example, is showing the number of Mexicans located in each state. The larger the circle in the state, the more Mexicans are living there.
Classed choropleth maps
Classed choropleth maps allow us to class regions based on values and color. We can assign a range of numbers to a color then apply that to which ever State it fits for example. Above we can see median age being measured, the darker the shade of green the older the median age was in the year 2000.
Unclassed choropleth maps
Unclassed choropleth maps were made possible due to shading on a grey scale. It gives us the ability to present data without classing them into different color groups. This is a graph of proportioned children aged 0-15, using 5 different classes.
Bivariate choropleth maps
Bivariate choropleth maps look at the value of two variables and put them into quantities. The above example has the population of 1997 mixed with the medium home value of that time. Its a unique way of looking at two separate variables, but displaying them on one map.
Univariate choropleth maps
Univariate choropleth maps show data for a single variable. The map I have for an example shows the amount of acres devoted to corn as a grain. The darker the color the more corn is grown on acres of land.
Standardized choropleth maps
Standardized choropleth maps represent data based on numerical values. In the example above, a specific range of numbers is assigned to a color code which then is represented by being the color of the state it applies to.Above is population density, the darker the color the higher the population density.
Unstandardized choropleth maps
Unstandardized choropleth maps break up differing categories into color codes, for a non ranking system. The map above shows the various types of tribes located in Afghanistan and the regions they occupy.
Nominal area choropleth map
Nominal area cholopleth maps can be used to help categorize variables that are hard to put a quantitative value on. Soil in Florida for example cant be given a numerical value, however we can categorize it on this map by color coding it.
Bilateral graph
A bilateral graph shows to opposite types of data. Both those that increase above zero and those that decrease below zero. This is a way that both positive and negative values can be displayed side by side. In the map above we are able to see the impact of china's exchange rate has had on other various countries.
Accumulative line graph
Accumulative line graphs show how a particular variable has accumulated overtime tracking its progress. In the map i chose it examines the cumulative frequency of math results over a span of 10 years.
Index value plot
Index value plots follow a particular value of a variable over a specified amount of time. For the graph I chose we can folloe the fortune 500 companies and their values every day from January 1995 thru July 2005. This provides us with a detailed history and easy way to interpret the data which we are looking at.
Scatterplot
A scatterplot shows the values of two variables for a set of data. In the example I used, the price and size in carats are the variables. The scatterplot shows us that traditionally as the size in carats increases so does the price. we then plot each value at its respected point.
Population profile
Population profiles represent a total number of people separated into age categories. Such as the example above shows the population increase for Mobile county in 1998.
Climograph
Climographs show the monthly averages for precipitation and temperature. The map above shows both variables for Boulder Colorado. This gives an easy-to-read model that most individuals would be able to understand, while allowing them to make comparisons of past months.
Windrose
A windrose shows hoe wind speed and direction are distributed at a location. This can prove to be a useful to for meteorologist. We can see in the map I presented that Eastern winds are more powerful then western ones for this specific location.
Triangular plot
A Triangular plot shows a graph of 3 variables. Instead of the traditional x and y axis, this graph lets us add in another variable and see how it relates or effects the others. In the example I posted, we see the results from a soil texture analysis.
Parallel coordinate graph
A parallel coordinate graph shows various variables side by side and how they compared throughout a period of time. This allows the reader to easily compare two factors side by side. In the example I chose baseball players are being evaluated on multiple skill sets and ranked accordingly.
Histogram
A histogram is a visual impression of distributive data shown in graphical form. This Histogram map was constructed from a list of data. We are able to see how frequently specific numbers came up from the list and and able to comprise them into a distributive curve. Its easy to get a quick glimpse at what our median, mean, and mode are from a graph like this.
Box Plot
A box plot is an way to show a set of data that is easy to read. The far points extending off the rectangles are the samples minimum and maximums. The left squares represent the lower quartile and upper quartile while the line down the middle is the median. This gives the viewer and easy display of the range of data, where the outliers are, and where your bell curve would be located.
Stem and leaf plot
Steam and leaf plot is a way to display statistical information in a graph. It makes information easier to record as well as to read. In the above example the numbers in the left column represent the first number of the sequence. the number(s) in the right column would be the second number of the sequence. For example, the number represented at the bottom of the stem and leaf plot is 53.
Similarity matrix
Similarity matrix's are pretty obvious in what they do. They show similarities between two data sets. The above data shows either strong similarities or weak ones. Is very useful when you want to compare variables side by side.
Correlation matrix
A correlation matrix shows the relationships between all particular pairs in a data set. The example I chose shows a correlation between currencies. The angle of the coins is what determines if it is a strong, weak or moderate correlation.
Isopleths
Another type of contour line used on maps are Isopleths. Isopleths show that value of a variable which is not able to be measured at one specific point, but is instead calculated from data of that area.
The map above, for example shows the amount of precipitation in 1996. This variable cannot be shown reasonably for every specific area. So calculated averages allow for this map to be drawn.
Isopach
Isopach maps illustrate a variation in thickness of a particular area or object. The example I chose shows the amount of sediment on the ocean floor. The increasing colors of pink show that the amount of sediment is increasing where those readings are taking place. This is useful if you were looking for particular types of sediment and large amounts of it.
Isohyets
Isohyets are lines showing equal amounts of precipitation. The above map shows the correlation between amount of precipitation and the various regions. These types of maps could be useful in locating trends.
Isotachs
Isotachs are used on maps to show points that possess equal wind speeds. The map above is showing just that, the direction and power of winds throughout the United States. Information such as this is important to organizations like the NOAA.
Isobars
An isobar is essentially a contour line of pressure. Meteorologist use them to depict where high pressure and low pressure are present. The white lines on the map above are examples of isobars.
LIDAR
LIDAR stands for Light Detection and Ranging. It is equipment used to measure the distance to an object by illuminating the target, often by lasers. The image above is a LIDAR image taken by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of ground zero following the attacks on 9/11. They were able to compile a 3-D image based on what the LIDAR technology could pick up, from there crews could estimate the height of rubble they had to clear.
Doppler radar
The above image may look very familiar to everyone as what they might expect to see when watching a hurricane forecast. Doppler radar measures the amount of radar signal that is reflected off of an object, or the Doppler shift. Weather forecasters use Doppler radar to track storms and predict their movements. Above is an image of a hurricane as presented by a Doppler radar. The darker the color the more intense the rain clouds and wind.
Black & white aerial photo
Black and white aerial photos are shots from the air that only show shades of grey, black and white. Objects of light color will appear white or a light shade of grey compared to those that are darker. Above is a picture of Doak Campbell Stadium in 1964. It is almost unrecognizable to what it has grown into today.
Infrared aerial photo
Infrared aerial photographs are images that are sensitive to infrared light. That is to mean that you are able to distinguish between near infrared objects and far from infrared objects. In the map above you are clearly able to see the differences in what is vegetation, what is water, and what is sand.
Cartographic animations
Cartographic animations show an amount of change over an amount of time. In the example I chose we can visibly see the amount of births mothers under 20 gave, and how they have decreased over a period of time. These maps are useful in having a visual representation to follow change.
Statistical maps
Statistical maps represent a variation in a quantity of a certain factor. The map I chose shows statistical data for the increase in internet use across Africa. The variable in this case is internet use, and with the visual aide of this map, a viewer is able to see the correlation between countries internet use.
Cartograms
Cartograms are used to map variables that are based on area or distance. The map located above displays one square as an electoral vote in the 2004 election. The amount of squares each state has is equal to the number of electoral votes the candidate gets.
Flow maps
Flow maps show the movement of object's or information from one area to another. This map shows an example of trade between 28 countries. The size of the bubble indicates how much trade is executed. The lines in between each bubble show where the trade is going. The color of the bubbles and routs shows the regional memberships where they belong, such as the EU and EFTA.
Isoline maps
Isoline maps are represented by a curve of two variables where the function has a constant value. The map above for instance was plotted with weather stations and the temperature at a given time. When connecting lines are drawn the end result is this map, which shows temperatures throughout the United States as reported by various weather stations.
Proportional circle maps
Proportional circle maps use value based circles to show data in a given area. A large circle indicates a high value and a smaller one displays a low value. As the quantities increase so does the size of the circle proportional to its value. The map I chose shows the population of German ancestry in Chicago during 1990.
Choropleth maps
Choropleth maps uses colors or shading to show a proportional, statistical representation of data. The map I chose shows deaths per 1,000 live births. The darker the area the more frequently people are dieing compared to those being born.
Dot distribution maps
Dot distribution maps show the density of a particular variable within a specified area. The map i used is used by the Census Bureau to show population density in the United States during the year 2000. One white dot represents 7,500 people. Where the whit dots begin to clump together and are more visible is where population is densest. These maps can give a good visualization where common trends occur and allow the viewer to easily interpret the data.
Propaganda maps
Propaganda maps are ones that can be used to convey a particular political, economic, or advertising message. The examples I have above are from a World War 2 book used to convey a message to the children of Japan and wht the government wanted them to believe. In the first picture you see Brittan and America commiting crimes in areas around Japan while trying to infiltrate their home islands. However the second map shows the victorious Japanese defeating the western powers and bringing peace and stability to the region. This is an extremely effective tool and was used by both sides during WW2 in order for them to convey their message to rally popular support at home.
Hypsometric maps
A hypsometric map shows elevations by the use of contour lines, shading or tinting. In the above imagine you are able to see the various mountainous regions within the state of Washington, because the elevations and change in terrain are complemented by change in color as well as shadowing. This allows use to see the map in great detail, each draw and each crevasse.
PLSS maps
PLSS mapping began in 1851 to help survey and identify land parcels. The map shown above indicates the baselines needed to survey within the states. The base line provides a reference point for land surveyors to conducted accurate measurements that are in accordance with past measurements. The map also tells a story of history, how the initial colonies did not accept the PLSS mandate hence why they have no base line in the picture shown above. Texas and other states have also chosen not to abide by the PLSS mapping system.
Cadastral maps
Cadastral Maps shows the boundaries on parcels of land as well as ownership possessions. The map I chose as an example has individual parcels outlined and separated from their neighboring land. They can also display information such as developed and undeveloped land, parcel identifiers, dimensions and values. They can be particularly useful to real estate agents and land developers.
Thematic maps
The definition of a Thematic Map is right in the word itself. It shows a connection of themes between geographical areas. In this map various types of soil and the regions they are located in are shown. We can relate the soil we have in Tallahassee to what is common in Kansas State. This could be particularly useful to farmers who need a particular type of soil to grow their crop. If they are looking to expand their businesses, they could use a map such as this to see if where they want to move will tolerate the crops they bring with them.
Topographic Map
This is an example of a topographic map of Iwo Jima. This map shows natural and man-made features. Mt. Sarabachi is shown with contour lines as elevating high above the rest of the island. Man-made features are those showing the different runways located in the central part of the island.. This map contains critical information in excruciating detail that U.S. forces used for the assault on the island during World War 2.
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